Indian Citizen
What every surname in the analysis is taken to mean, and how sure we are.
The community figures on the voters explorer rest on this table. They are a tentative estimate for an area, never about a named elector, and they are not 100 percent accurate. The table is published so it can be checked and corrected. A surname is read only in the states it is attested in; a surname many communities share is shown on the chart as that name rather than guessed at.
Three layers, each one less certain than the one above it.
The most reliable layer. Given-name markers like Mohammad, Gurpreet or Thomas are strong, and a handful of surnames are close to decisive.
A broad grouping. Read only when the religion layer agrees with it, so a Muslim given name can never be published as a Brahmin.
The specific jati. The most useful layer for election work and the least certain, because a surname can belong to different communities in different states.
A surname read outside the region it is attested in keeps its reading but drops a step in confidence, because people move. A low-confidence surname read outside its region is dropped entirely.
A few spellings mean different things in different states. Bhat is a Muslim Kashmiri name in Jammu and Kashmir and a Konkani Brahmin one on the west coast; Gujjar is a Scheduled Tribe in Jammu and Kashmir and a backward class in Rajasthan. Those carry one row per reading, marked split, and the state on the roll chooses between them. Read anywhere else they are shown as the name itself, because there is no halfway answer between two different peoples.
The religion layer leans on these harder than on any surname, so they are published too. A first name here outweighs whatever the family name suggests, which is what stops a Mohammad Sharma being reported as a Brahmin. Everything else is read from the surname alone.
| First name | Read as |
|---|---|
| abdool | Muslim |
| abdul | Muslim |
| abdur | Muslim |
| abdus | Muslim |
| abraham | Christian |
| ahamed | Muslim |
| ahmad | Muslim |
| ahmed | Muslim |
| amarjit | Sikh |
| anthony | Christian |
| antony | Christian |
| ayesha | Muslim |
| baljit | Sikh |
| fatima | Muslim |
| feroz | Muslim |
| firoz | Muslim |
| francis | Christian |
| george | Christian |
| gurdeep | Sikh |
| gurmeet | Sikh |
| gurpreet | Sikh |
| harjit | Sikh |
| harpreet | Sikh |
| imran | Muslim |
| jacob | Christian |
| jagdeep | Sikh |
| jasbir | Sikh |
| jaspreet | Sikh |
| joseph | Christian |
| mahammad | Muslim |
| mahmad | Muslim |
| manjit | Sikh |
| md | Muslim |
| mohammad | Muslim |
| mohammed | Muslim |
| mohd | Muslim |
| muhammad | Muslim |
| muhammed | Muslim |
| nasreen | Muslim |
| parveen | Muslim |
| parvin | Muslim |
| peter | Christian |
| philip | Christian |
| rafiq | Muslim |
| rukhsana | Muslim |
| shabana | Muslim |
| sk | Muslim |
| stephen | Christian |
| surjit | Sikh |
| thomas | Christian |
| xavier | Christian |
| zeenat | Muslim |
Filter or search. Blank cells are honest: the table knows the religion but not the caste, or knows neither.
| Surname | Religion | Caste group | Community | Confidence | Attested in |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| abbasi | Muslim | not set | abbasi | medium | All India |
| abedi | Muslim | Ashraf | not set | medium | All India |
| acharya | Hindu | Brahmin | acharya | medium | 7 states |
| ad-dharmi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | ad-dharmi | medium | Punjab, Haryana, NCT of Delhi, Himachal Pradesh |
| addharmi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | ad-dharmi | medium | Punjab, Haryana, NCT of Delhi, Himachal Pradesh |
| adhikari | Hindu | Brahmin | gorkha-bahun | medium | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| adi-dravida | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | adi-dravida | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| adiandhra | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | adi-andhra | low | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| adidravidar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | adi-dravida | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| adiga | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Karnataka |
| adikarnataka | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | adi-karnataka | medium | Karnataka |
| advani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| aeron | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 10 states |
| agamudayar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | agamudayar | high | Tamil Nadu |
| agaria | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | agaria | medium | Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh |
| agarwal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | All India |
| agasa | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | madivala | medium | Karnataka |
| ager | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | ager | medium | Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat |
| aggarwal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | All India |
| agnihotri | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |
| agrawal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | All India |
| agri | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | agri | medium | Maharashtra |
| aheibam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| aheria | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | aheria | medium | Uttar Pradesh |
| ahir | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | yadav | high | All India |
| ahirwar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | high | Madhya Pradesh |
| ahmad | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | All India |
| ahmed | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | All India |
| ahom | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | ahom | medium | Assam |
| ahuja | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| aier | Christian | Tribal Christian | ao | high | Nagaland |
| aind | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | munda | high | Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal |
| airan | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 10 states |
| alam | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | All India |
| ali | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | All India |
| almeida | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| alvi | Muslim | Ashraf | not set | medium | All India |
| amat | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | amat | medium | Odisha |
| ambastha | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | ambastha | medium | Bihar, Jharkhand |
| ambedkar | Buddhist | Scheduled Caste | mahar | medium | Maharashtra |
| ambiga | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | ambiga | high | Karnataka |
| angami | Christian | Tribal Christian | angami | medium | Nagaland |
| ansari | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | julaha | high | All India |
| apatani | not set | Scheduled Tribe | apatani | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| apte | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| arakkal | Muslim | not set | not set | low | Kerala |
| araya | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | dheevara | medium | Kerala |
| arayan | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | dheevara | high | Kerala |
| arengh | Christian | Tribal Christian | garo | high | Meghalaya |
| arora | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | arora | medium | 6 states |
| arundhatiya | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | arunthathiyar | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| arunthathiyar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | arunthathiyar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| asari | Hindu | Artisan and service | vishwakarma | high | Kerala |
| asrani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| asthana | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | kayastha | high | Uttar Pradesh |
| asur | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | asur | medium | Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh |
| atram | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| atwal | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | medium | 6 states |
| aujla | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | medium | 6 states |
| aulakh | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| awasthi | Hindu | Brahmin | awasthi | high | 10 states |
| awomi | Christian | Tribal Christian | sumi | medium | Nagaland |
| bafna | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | high | All India |
| bagdi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bagdi | medium | West Bengal, Odisha |
| bagri | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bagdi | medium | West Bengal, Rajasthan, Haryana |
| bahuguna | Hindu | Brahmin | garhwali-brahmin | high | Uttarakhand |
| baiga | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | baiga | high | Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh |
| bains | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| bairwa | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bairwa | high | Rajasthan |
| bajaj | not set | Vaishya / trading | arora | medium | Punjab, NCT of Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan |
| bajpai | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh |
| bajwa | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| bakhla | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | high | 6 states |
| balahi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | balai | medium | Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan |
| balai | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | balai | high | Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |
| baliga | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra |
| balija | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | balija | medium | Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| balmiki | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | valmiki | high | All India |
| balti | not set | Scheduled Tribe | balti | medium | Ladakh |
| bandopadhyay | Hindu | Brahmin | bengali-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| bandyopadhyay | Hindu | Brahmin | kulin-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| banerjee | Hindu | Brahmin | kulin-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| banjara | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | banjara | medium | Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana |
| bansal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 11 states |
| bansode | not set | Scheduled Caste | mahar | high | Maharashtra |
| bansphor | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dom | medium | Bihar, Assam |
| bantar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bantar | medium | Bihar |
| banu | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | All India |
| baori | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bawaria | medium | Rajasthan |
| bapat | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| barai | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | chaurasia | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| barbhuiya | Muslim | not set | not set | high | Assam |
| barela | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | high | Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |
| barhi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | barhi | medium | Bihar |
| barik | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | barik | medium | Odisha |
| barla | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | munda | high | Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal |
| barpatragohain | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | ahom | high | Assam |
| bartwal | Hindu | Brahmin | garhwali-brahmin | medium | Uttarakhand |
| barui | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | barui | medium | West Bengal |
| barwala | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | batwal | medium | Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana |
| baske | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | 5 states |
| baskey | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | 5 states |
| basod | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | basor | medium | Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh |
| basor | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | basor | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |
| basu | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | bengali-kayastha | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| basumatari | not set | Scheduled Tribe | bodo | high | Assam |
| basumatary | not set | Scheduled Tribe | bodo | high | Assam |
| batham | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nishad | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| batra | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| battliwala | Parsi | not set | parsi | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa |
| batwal | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | batwal | medium | Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab |
| bauri | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bauri | high | West Bengal, Tripura, Odisha |
| bawaria | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bawaria | medium | Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab |
| bazigar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bazigar | medium | Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, NCT of Delhi |
| beary | Muslim | not set | byari | medium | Karnataka |
| bedea | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | medium | Jharkhand, West Bengal |
| bedi | Sikh | Khatri / Arora Sikh | bedi | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| beevi | Muslim | not set | not set | high | Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Lakshadweep |
| beg | Muslim | Ashraf | mughal | medium | All India |
| begam | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| begum | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| beniwal | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | high | Rajasthan |
| beriwal | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| besra | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | 5 states |
| bestha | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | bestha | medium | Karnataka |
| bhabhor | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | medium | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| bhambi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | medium | Maharashtra, Gujarat |
| bhandal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | medium | 10 states |
| bhangi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | valmiki | high | 10 states |
| bhansali | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | 5 states |
| bhar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | rajbhar | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| bhardwaj | Hindu | Brahmin | bhardwaj | high | All India |
| bharwad | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | bharwad | high | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| bhasin | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| bhat split | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh |
| bhat split | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra |
| bhathiara | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | bhathiara | medium | Uttar Pradesh |
| bhati | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | bhati | medium | Rajasthan |
| bhatiara | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | bhathiara | medium | Uttar Pradesh |
| bhatnagar | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | bhatnagar | high | 10 states |
| bhatt | Hindu | Brahmin | bhatt | medium | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand |
| bhattacharya | Hindu | Brahmin | bengali-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| bhattarai | Hindu | Brahmin | gorkha-bahun | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| bhattra | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhattra | medium | Chhattisgarh, Odisha |
| bhave | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | medium | Maharashtra |
| bhavsar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | bhavsar | medium | Maharashtra |
| bhesania | Parsi | not set | not set | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| bhil | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | high | Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| bhilala | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhilala | high | Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| bhoi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bhoi | medium | Odisha, Chhattisgarh |
| bhoite | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| bhosale | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | high | Maharashtra |
| bhovi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bhovi | medium | Karnataka |
| bhuiya | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bhuiya | medium | Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh |
| bhuiyan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bhuiya | medium | Bihar |
| bhullar | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| bhumij | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhumij | medium | Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal |
| bhutia | Buddhist | Scheduled Tribe | bhutia | high | Sikkim |
| bibi | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| billava | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | billava | high | Karnataka |
| bilung | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kharia | medium | Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh |
| bind | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nishad | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| bindal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 10 states |
| binjhal | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | binjhal | medium | Odisha |
| birhor | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | birhor | medium | Jharkhand |
| birjia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | birhor | medium | Jharkhand |
| birla | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | marwari | medium | All India |
| bishnoi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | bishnoi | high | Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab |
| bisht | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | pahari-rajput | high | Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh |
| bishwakarma | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | gorkha-dalit | high | Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam |
| biyani | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | maheshwari | medium | Rajasthan, Maharashtra |
| blah | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | medium | Meghalaya |
| bodo | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bodo | high | Assam |
| bodra | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | ho | high | Jharkhand, Odisha |
| bohra | Muslim | Muslim trading community | bohra | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Maharashtra |
| bonda | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bonda | medium | Odisha |
| borgohain | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | ahom | high | Assam |
| boro | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bodo | medium | Assam |
| bose | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | bengali-kayastha | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| bothra | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | 5 states |
| boya | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | boya | medium | Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka |
| brar | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| brokpa | not set | Scheduled Tribe | brokpa | medium | Ladakh |
| bukhari | Muslim | Ashraf | not set | medium | All India |
| buragohain | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | ahom | high | Assam |
| burdak | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | high | Rajasthan |
| burud | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | burud | medium | Maharashtra |
| butt | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh |
| byari | Muslim | not set | byari | medium | Karnataka |
| cama | Parsi | not set | parsi | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa |
| carvalho | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| chacko | Christian | Syrian Christian | syrian | high | Kerala |
| chadar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chadar | medium | Madhya Pradesh |
| chaddha | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| chadha | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| chahal | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| chakali | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | rajaka | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| chakkili | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | arunthathiyar | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Kerala |
| chakkiliyan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | arunthathiyar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Kerala |
| chakma | Buddhist | Scheduled Tribe | chakma | high | Tripura, Mizoram, Assam |
| chakrabarti | Hindu | Brahmin | bengali-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| chakraborty | Hindu | Brahmin | bengali-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| chalavadi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chalavadi | high | Karnataka |
| chaliyan | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | chaliyan | high | Kerala |
| chamar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | high | All India |
| chambhar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | high | Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat |
| champia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | ho | high | Jharkhand, Odisha |
| chana | Sikh | Ramgarhia | ramgarhia | low | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| chandel | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | chandel | medium | 10 states |
| chandok | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| chang | Christian | Tribal Christian | chang | medium | Nagaland |
| channayya | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chalavadi | medium | Karnataka |
| charan | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | charan | medium | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| charmakar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | medium | Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh |
| chasa | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | chasa | medium | Odisha |
| chatterjee | Hindu | Brahmin | kulin-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| chattopadhyay | Hindu | Brahmin | kulin-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| chaturvedi | Hindu | Brahmin | chaturvedi | high | 10 states |
| chaubey | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| chauhan | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | chauhan | medium | All India |
| chaupal | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chaupal | medium | Bihar, Jharkhand |
| chaurasia | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | chaurasia | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| chavan | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| chawla | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| chawngte | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram, Manipur, Assam |
| chawngthu | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | medium | Mizoram |
| cheema | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| chekam | Christian | Tribal Christian | garo | high | Meghalaya, Assam |
| chekavar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | ezhava | low | Kerala |
| chenchu | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | chenchu | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| cheramar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pulaya | high | Kerala |
| cherian | Christian | Syrian Christian | syrian | high | Kerala |
| chero | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | chero | medium | Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh |
| cheruman | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pulaya | high | Kerala |
| cherwa | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kanwar | medium | Chhattisgarh |
| chetri | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | gorkha-chhetri | high | Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Himachal Pradesh |
| chettiar | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | chettiar | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| chettri | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | gorkha-chhetri | high | Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Himachal Pradesh |
| chhabra | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| chhabria | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| chhakchhuak | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram |
| chhangte | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram |
| chhapparband | not set | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | chhapparband | medium | Maharashtra, Karnataka |
| chhara | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | chhara | medium | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| chhetri | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | gorkha-chhetri | high | Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Himachal Pradesh |
| chhipa | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | chhipa | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh |
| chikwa | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | khatik | medium | 6 states |
| chipi | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | chhipa | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| chiplunkar | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| chirom | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| chisim | Christian | Tribal Christian | garo | high | Meghalaya |
| chobe | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| chopra | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| chore | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | medium | Jharkhand, West Bengal |
| chugani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| chuhra | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | valmiki | medium | Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| chura | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | valmiki | medium | Punjab, Himachal Pradesh |
| churihar | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | churihar | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| chutiya | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | chutiya | high | Assam |
| coutinho | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| dabhade | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| dadhich | Hindu | Brahmin | dadhich | high | Rajasthan |
| daga | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | 5 states |
| dahal | Hindu | Brahmin | gorkha-bahun | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| dahiya | Hindu | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Haryana |
| daimari | not set | Scheduled Tribe | bodo | high | Assam |
| daimary | not set | Scheduled Tribe | bodo | high | Assam |
| damai | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | damai | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| damaria | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | high | Rajasthan, Gujarat |
| damor | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | high | Rajasthan, Gujarat |
| dar | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| daruwala | Parsi | not set | not set | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| darzi | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | darzi | high | 6 states |
| dasgupta | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | baidya | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| datta | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | bengali-kayastha | medium | West Bengal, Tripura |
| dave | Hindu | Brahmin | gujarati-brahmin | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| debasi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | rabari | medium | Rajasthan, Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| debbarma | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | tripuri | high | Tripura |
| deekshithar | Hindu | Brahmin | dikshitar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| deol | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| deora | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | rajput | medium | Rajasthan |
| deori | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | deori | high | Assam |
| desai | Hindu | Dominant landholding | desai | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| deshmukh | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | high | Maharashtra |
| deshpande | Hindu | Brahmin | deshastha | high | Maharashtra |
| desouza | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| devadoss | Christian | not set | tamil-christian | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| devanga | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | devanga | high | Karnataka |
| devar | Hindu | Dominant landholding | thevar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| devendra | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pallar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| devendrakulathan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pallar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| devipujak | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | waghri | medium | Gujarat |
| dewar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dewar | medium | Odisha |
| dhaka | Hindu | Dominant landholding | jat | medium | Rajasthan, Haryana |
| dhaliwal | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| dhanak | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dhanuk | high | Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan |
| dhangar | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | dhangar | medium | Goa |
| dhanuk | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dhanuk | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana |
| dharan | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | low | 10 states |
| dharkar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dom | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| dhawan | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| dhayal | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | medium | Rajasthan |
| dhed | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | mahyavanshi | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| dheemar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nishad | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| dheevara | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | dheevara | medium | Kerala |
| dhibara | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | keuta | medium | Odisha |
| dhillon | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| dhimar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nishad | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| dhingra | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| dhoba | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dhobi | high | Odisha |
| dhobi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dhobi | medium | 5 states |
| dhoot | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | maheshwari | medium | Rajasthan, Maharashtra |
| dhor | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dhor | high | Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka |
| dhunia | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | dhunia | high | 6 states |
| dhuniya | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | dhunia | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| dhupi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dhobi | medium | Assam, West Bengal |
| dhurve | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| dhurwa | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | dhurwa | medium | Chhattisgarh, Odisha |
| dhurwe | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| dhusia | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | high | Uttar Pradesh |
| dias | Christian | Latin Catholic | goan | medium | All India |
| didayi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | didayi | medium | Odisha |
| diengdoh | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| dikshitar | Hindu | Brahmin | dikshitar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| dimasa | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | dimasa | high | Assam |
| dixit | Hindu | Brahmin | dixit | high | 10 states |
| dkhar | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| dobhal | Hindu | Brahmin | garhwali-brahmin | high | Uttarakhand |
| dogra | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | dogra | medium | Jammu and Kashmir |
| dohor | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dohor | medium | Madhya Pradesh |
| doley | not set | Scheduled Tribe | mising | high | Assam |
| dom | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dom | medium | 5 states |
| domar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dom | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| dome | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dom | medium | Bihar |
| dommara | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | dommara | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| doom | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dumna | medium | Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir |
| dosanjh | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| doshi | not set | Vaishya / trading | gujarati-bania | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| doval | Hindu | Brahmin | garhwali-brahmin | medium | Uttarakhand |
| dsouza | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| dubash | Parsi | not set | not set | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| dubay | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | 5 states |
| dubey | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | 5 states |
| dubla | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | dubla | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| dudekula | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | dudekula | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| dudi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | medium | Rajasthan |
| dugad | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | 5 states |
| dugar | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | All India |
| duggal | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| dumna | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dumna | medium | Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir |
| dungdung | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kharia | medium | Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh |
| dusadh | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dusadh | high | Bihar |
| dutt split | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | bengali-kayastha | medium | West Bengal, Tripura |
| dutt split | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | Punjab, Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi, Haryana |
| dutta | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | bengali-kayastha | medium | West Bengal, Tripura |
| duttagupta | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | baidya | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| dwivedi | Hindu | Brahmin | dwivedi | high | 10 states |
| ediga | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | billava | high | Karnataka |
| ekka | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | high | 5 states |
| embranthiri | Hindu | Brahmin | embranthiri | medium | Kerala |
| erukala | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | yerukala | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka |
| ezhava | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | ezhava | high | Kerala |
| ezhuthachan | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | ezhuthachan | high | Kerala |
| ezra | Jewish | not set | baghdadi-jew | medium | West Bengal |
| fakhir | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | faqir | medium | All India |
| fanai | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram |
| faqir | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | faqir | high | 6 states |
| faquir | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | faqir | medium | All India |
| farooqui | Muslim | Ashraf | farooqui | high | All India |
| fernandes | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| fernandez | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| gabit | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gabit | medium | Maharashtra |
| gada | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gada | low | Uttar Pradesh |
| gadaba | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gadaba | medium | Odisha |
| gadariya | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gaderia | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Haryana |
| gaderia | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gaderia | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Haryana |
| gadgil | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| gadialohar | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | gadia-lohar | medium | Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh |
| gagrai | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | ho | high | Jharkhand, Odisha |
| galo | not set | Scheduled Tribe | galo | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| gamit | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gamit | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| ganai | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| ganda | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | ganda | medium | Chhattisgarh, Odisha |
| gandla | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gandla | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| gangamatha | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gangamatha | medium | Karnataka |
| gangaputra | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gangaputra | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| gangota | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gangota | high | Bihar |
| gangte | Christian | Tribal Christian | kuki | high | Manipur |
| ganguly | Hindu | Brahmin | kulin-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| ganiga | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | ganiga | medium | Karnataka |
| ganju | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| gaonkar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gaonkar | medium | Goa |
| garasia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil-garasia | medium | Rajasthan, Gujarat |
| gardi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | gardi | medium | Jammu and Kashmir |
| garg | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 11 states |
| garoda | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | garoda | high | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| garudi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | matang | medium | Maharashtra |
| gaude | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gaude | medium | Goa |
| gaur | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, NCT of Delhi, Madhya Pradesh |
| gautam | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | medium | All India |
| gavaria | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | gavaria | medium | Rajasthan |
| gavda | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gavda | medium | Goa |
| gavit | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gamit | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| gawai | not set | Scheduled Caste | mahar | medium | Maharashtra |
| gawaria | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | gavaria | medium | Rajasthan |
| gawda | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gavda | medium | Goa |
| gedam | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| ghanchi | not set | Other Backward Classes | ghanchi | high | Gujarat |
| ghasi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | ghasi | medium | Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh |
| ghatge | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| ghisadi | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | gadia-lohar | medium | Maharashtra, Gujarat |
| ghosh | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | bengali-kayastha | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| ghuman | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| gilani | Muslim | Ashraf | not set | medium | All India |
| gill | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| girasia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil-garasia | medium | Rajasthan, Gujarat |
| godara | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | high | Rajasthan |
| godrej | Parsi | not set | parsi | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa |
| goel | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 11 states |
| goenka | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | medium | 10 states |
| gokha | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | gokha | medium | Odisha |
| gokhale | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| golecha | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | 5 states |
| golla | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | yadav | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| gond | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha |
| gondhali | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | gondhali | medium | Maharashtra |
| gonsalves | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| gopal | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | yadav | medium | Odisha |
| gope | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | yadav | medium | Bihar, West Bengal |
| goswami | Hindu | Brahmin | goswami | medium | 7 states |
| goud | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | goud | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| gouda | Hindu | Dominant landholding | vokkaliga | medium | Karnataka |
| gounder | Hindu | Dominant landholding | gounder | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| gowda | Hindu | Dominant landholding | vokkaliga | high | Karnataka |
| goyal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 11 states |
| goyan | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | medium | 10 states |
| grewal | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| grover | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| gudia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | munda | medium | Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal |
| guha | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | bengali-kayastha | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| gujjar split | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gujjar | high | 7 states |
| gujjar split | not set | Scheduled Tribe | gujjar | high | Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh |
| gupta | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | bania | medium | 10 states |
| gurjar split | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | gujjar | high | 7 states |
| gurjar split | not set | Scheduled Tribe | gujjar | high | Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh |
| gurung | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gurung | high | Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam |
| gwala | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | yadav | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| gyatso | Buddhist | not set | tibetan-buddhist | medium | Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh |
| hada | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | rajput | medium | Rajasthan |
| hadi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | haddi | medium | Odisha |
| haiburu | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | ho | high | Jharkhand, Odisha |
| hajjam | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | hajjam | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| hajong | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | hajong | high | Assam, Meghalaya |
| haksar | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| halalkhor | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | valmiki | medium | 5 states |
| halam | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | halam | medium | Tripura |
| halba | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | halba | high | Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh |
| halbi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | halba | high | Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh |
| halpati | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | dubla | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| hansda | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | 5 states |
| hansdah | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | 5 states |
| hansdak | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | 5 states |
| haokip | Christian | Tribal Christian | kuki | high | Manipur |
| haque | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| harakanthra | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | harikanthra | high | Karnataka |
| harijan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | harijan | high | All India |
| harikanthra | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | harikanthra | high | Karnataka |
| hasalaru | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | hasalaru | medium | Karnataka |
| hasan | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | All India |
| hashmi | Muslim | Ashraf | not set | medium | All India |
| hassan | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | All India |
| hatkar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | dhangar | high | Maharashtra |
| hauhhar | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | medium | Mizoram |
| hauhnar | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | medium | Mizoram, Manipur, Assam |
| hebbar | Hindu | Brahmin | hebbar | medium | Karnataka |
| hela | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | valmiki | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra |
| hembram | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | Jharkhand, West Bengal |
| hembrom | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | Jharkhand, West Bengal |
| herenz | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | munda | medium | Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal |
| hidam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| hijam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| hiranandani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| hmar | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram |
| hnamte | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram |
| holar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | holar | high | Maharashtra, Gujarat |
| holaya | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | holeya | high | Karnataka |
| holeya | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | holeya | high | Karnataka |
| holkar | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | low | Maharashtra |
| hooda | Hindu | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Haryana |
| hoque | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| hossain | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| hota | Hindu | Brahmin | hota | medium | Odisha |
| hrahsel | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram, Manipur, Assam |
| humtsoe | Christian | Tribal Christian | lotha | medium | Nagaland |
| husain | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| hussain | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| idrisi | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | idrisi | high | All India |
| idu | not set | Scheduled Tribe | mishmi | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| imchen | Christian | Tribal Christian | ao | high | Nagaland |
| ingle | not set | Scheduled Caste | mahar | medium | Maharashtra |
| irani | Parsi | not set | not set | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| irengbam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| irular | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | irular | medium | Kerala, Tamil Nadu |
| iruliga | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | iruliga | medium | Karnataka |
| islam | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| iyengar | Hindu | Brahmin | iyengar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| iyer | Hindu | Brahmin | iyer | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| jadeja | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | jadeja | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| jadhav | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| jafri | Muslim | Ashraf | not set | medium | All India |
| jagtap | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| jain | Jain | Vaishya / trading | jain | high | All India |
| jakhar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | high | Rajasthan |
| jalari | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jalari | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| jamatia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | jamatia | high | Tripura |
| jamir | Christian | Tribal Christian | ao | high | Nagaland |
| jangid | Hindu | Artisan and service | vishwakarma | medium | Rajasthan |
| jani | Hindu | Brahmin | gujarati-brahmin | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| jat split | Hindu | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 5 states |
| jat split | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | high | Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh |
| jatav | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | jatav | high | 10 states |
| jatava | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | jatav | high | Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh |
| jatia | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, NCT of Delhi |
| jejeebhoy | Parsi | not set | parsi | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa |
| jenukuruba | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | jenu-kuruba | medium | Karnataka |
| jha | Hindu | Brahmin | maithil | high | Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal |
| jhalo | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | malo | medium | Assam, West Bengal |
| jhaveri | not set | Vaishya / trading | gujarati-bania | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| jhunjhunwala | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | marwari | medium | All India |
| jhusia | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | medium | Uttar Pradesh |
| jimomi | not set | Scheduled Tribe | sumi-naga | high | Nagaland |
| jindal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 11 states |
| jobanputra | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | lohana | high | Gujarat |
| joglekar | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| joshi | Hindu | Brahmin | joshi | medium | All India |
| juang | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | juang | medium | Odisha |
| juneja | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | arora | medium | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, NCT of Delhi |
| kabbera | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kabbera | medium | Karnataka |
| kabirpanthi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kabirpanthi | medium | Punjab |
| kacchwaha | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | rajput | medium | Rajasthan |
| kachari | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kachari | medium | Assam |
| kachhi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kushwaha | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| kachi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kushwaha | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh |
| kachru | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| kachwaha | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | rajput | medium | Rajasthan |
| kadam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| kadar | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kadar | medium | Kerala, Tamil Nadu |
| kahar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kahar | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| kaibarta | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kaibarta | medium | West Bengal, Assam, Odisha |
| kaibartta | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kaibarta | medium | Assam |
| kaikadi | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | kaikadi | high | Maharashtra |
| kaikolar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | sengunthar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| kaimal | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | high | Kerala |
| kakade | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| kakkar | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| kalai | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kalai | high | Tripura |
| kalbelia | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kalbelia | medium | Rajasthan |
| kalinga | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kalinga | low | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| kalita | Hindu | Dominant landholding | kalita | high | Assam |
| kallar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kallar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| kalsi | Sikh | Ramgarhia | ramgarhia | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| kaman | not set | Scheduled Tribe | mishmi | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| kamar | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kamar | medium | Chhattisgarh |
| kamat | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra |
| kamath | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra |
| kamble | not set | Scheduled Caste | mahar | high | Maharashtra, Karnataka |
| kamei | Christian | Tribal Christian | rongmei | high | Manipur |
| kami | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kami | medium | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| kamma | Hindu | Dominant landholding | kamma | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| kammalan | Hindu | Artisan and service | vishwakarma | medium | Kerala |
| kanakkan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kanakkan | medium | Kerala, Tamil Nadu |
| kandara | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kandara | medium | Odisha |
| kandha | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kondh | medium | Odisha |
| kandpal | Hindu | Brahmin | kumaoni-brahmin | high | Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh |
| kandra | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kandra | medium | Odisha |
| kanikaran | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kanikkar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| kanikkar | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kanikkar | medium | Kerala, Tamil Nadu |
| kanjar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kanjar | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan |
| kanjarbhat | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | kanjarbhat | high | Maharashtra |
| kansal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | medium | 11 states |
| kanu | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kanu | medium | Bihar |
| kanwar | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kanwar | medium | Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh |
| kapadia | not set | Vaishya / trading | gujarati-bania | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| kapoor | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| kappu | Hindu | Dominant landholding | kapu | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| kapu | Hindu | Dominant landholding | kapu | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| kapur | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| karamakar | Hindu | Artisan and service | karmakar | medium | West Bengal |
| karbi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | karbi | high | Assam |
| karim | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| karmakar | Hindu | Artisan and service | karmakar | medium | West Bengal |
| karmali | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | karmali | medium | Jharkhand |
| kartha | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | high | Kerala |
| karve | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| kasai | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | qasai | high | 6 states |
| kasar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kasar | medium | Maharashtra |
| kaswan | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | medium | Rajasthan |
| katara | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | medium | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| kathi | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | kathi | medium | Gujarat |
| kathodi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | katkari | high | Maharashtra, Gujarat |
| katju | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| katkari | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | katkari | high | Maharashtra, Gujarat |
| kaul | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| kaur | Sikh | not set | not set | high | All India |
| kazi | Muslim | not set | qazi | medium | Maharashtra, Karnataka |
| kazmi | Muslim | Ashraf | not set | medium | All India |
| keisham | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| kejriwal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | marwari | medium | All India |
| keot | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | keot | high | Assam |
| kerkar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kerkar | medium | Goa |
| kerketta | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | high | 5 states |
| keswani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| keuta | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | keuta | medium | Odisha |
| kewat | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nishad | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| khaidem | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| khampti | not set | Scheduled Tribe | khampti | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| khan | Muslim | Ashraf | pathan | medium | All India |
| khanday | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| khandelwal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | khandelwal | high | 5 states |
| khangar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | khangar | medium | Madhya Pradesh |
| khanna | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| khare | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | kayastha | medium | Uttar Pradesh |
| kharkongor | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| kharmawlong | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | medium | Meghalaya |
| kharshiing | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | medium | Meghalaya |
| kharva | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kharwa | medium | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| kharvi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kharvi | high | Karnataka |
| kharwa | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kharwa | medium | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| kharwar | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kharwar | medium | Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh |
| khati | Hindu | Artisan and service | vishwakarma | medium | Rajasthan |
| khatik | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | khatik | high | 8 states |
| khatoon | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| khatri | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 6 states |
| khatun | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| khatwe | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | khatwe | medium | Bihar |
| khiangte | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram |
| khoja | Muslim | Muslim trading community | khoja | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Maharashtra |
| khond | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | khond | medium | Odisha |
| khongbanthem | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| khongwir | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | medium | Meghalaya |
| khosla | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| khurana | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| khyllait | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | medium | Meghalaya |
| kikon | Christian | Tribal Christian | lotha | high | Nagaland |
| kini | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra |
| kipgen | Christian | Tribal Christian | kuki | high | Manipur |
| kirar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kirar | medium | Madhya Pradesh |
| kisku | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | Jharkhand, West Bengal |
| kithan | Christian | Tribal Christian | lotha | medium | Nagaland |
| koch | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | koch | high | Assam |
| kochar | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| kochhar | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| kodape | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| koeri | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | koeri | high | Bihar |
| kohli | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| koirala | Hindu | Brahmin | gorkha-bahun | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| koireng | Christian | Tribal Christian | koireng | medium | Manipur |
| kokani | Muslim | not set | konkani-muslim | low | Maharashtra |
| kokate | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| kokna | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kokna | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| kokni | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kokna | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| kol | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kol | medium | Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand |
| kolha | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kolha | medium | Odisha |
| kolhati | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | kolhati | high | Maharashtra |
| koli | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | koli | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| kollan | Hindu | Artisan and service | vishwakarma | medium | Kerala |
| komati | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | komati | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| konar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | yadav | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| kondh | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kondh | medium | Odisha |
| kongari | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | munda | medium | Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal |
| konsam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| konyak | Christian | Tribal Christian | konyak | medium | Nagaland |
| koracha | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | korama | medium | Karnataka |
| koraga | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | koraga | high | Karnataka |
| korama | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | korama | medium | Karnataka |
| koravar | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | koravar | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| korche | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| kori | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kori | high | 6 states |
| korwa | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | korwa | medium | Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand |
| koshti | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | koshti | medium | Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh |
| koshy | Christian | Syrian Christian | syrian | high | Kerala |
| kostha | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | koshti | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |
| kothari | not set | Vaishya / trading | gujarati-bania | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| koul | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| kowe | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| koya | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | koya | medium | 5 states |
| kriplani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| kshetrimayum | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| kuchchal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 10 states |
| kuchhal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 10 states |
| kudumban | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kudumban | medium | Tamil Nadu, Kerala |
| kujur | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | high | 5 states |
| kukna | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kokna | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| kulkarni | Hindu | Brahmin | deshastha | high | Maharashtra |
| kulta | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kulta | medium | Odisha |
| kulu | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kharia | medium | Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh |
| kumawat | Hindu | Artisan and service | kumawat | high | Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh |
| kumbara | Hindu | Artisan and service | kumhar | medium | Karnataka |
| kumhar | Hindu | Artisan and service | kumhar | high | All India |
| kumra | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| kumre | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| kunbi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kunbi | medium | Goa |
| kunjam | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| kunjra | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | kunjra | high | 6 states |
| kuraishi | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | qureshi | high | All India |
| kuravar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kuravar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| kureel | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kurariar | medium | Bihar, Uttar Pradesh |
| kurian | Christian | Syrian Christian | syrian | high | Kerala |
| kurichyan | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kurichya | medium | Kerala |
| kurmi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kurmi | high | 10 states |
| kuruba | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kuruba | high | Karnataka |
| kurumba | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kurumba | medium | Tamil Nadu, Kerala |
| kurup | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | medium | Kerala |
| kusavan | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kusavan | medium | Kerala |
| kushwaha | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kushwaha | high | 10 states |
| laishram | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| lakra | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | high | 5 states |
| lalbegi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | valmiki | medium | 5 states |
| lalung | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | tiwa | high | Assam |
| lalwani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| lama | Buddhist | not set | tibetan-buddhist | low | Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh |
| lamare | not set | Scheduled Tribe | pnar | medium | Meghalaya |
| lambadi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | lambadi | medium | 5 states |
| lambani | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | lambadi | medium | 5 states |
| laskar | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | Assam |
| lebbai | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | tamil-muslim | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| lele | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| lepcha | not set | Scheduled Tribe | lepcha | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| lhouvum | Christian | Tribal Christian | kuki | medium | Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram |
| lhungdim | Christian | Tribal Christian | kuki | medium | Manipur |
| limaye | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| limbu | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | limbu | medium | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| lingayat | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | lingayat | high | Karnataka |
| lobo | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| lodh | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | lodhi | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan |
| lodhi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | lodhi | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan |
| lohar | Hindu | Artisan and service | lohar | high | All India |
| lohara | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | lohra | medium | Jharkhand |
| lohra | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | lohra | medium | Jharkhand |
| lois | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | lois | high | Manipur |
| lokhande | not set | Scheduled Caste | mahar | medium | Maharashtra |
| lone | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| longkumer | Christian | Tribal Christian | ao | high | Nagaland |
| lotha | Christian | Tribal Christian | lotha | medium | Nagaland |
| luhaar | Hindu | Artisan and service | lohar | medium | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| lukram | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| lunawat | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | 5 states |
| lunkad | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | All India |
| luthra | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| lyngdoh | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| lyngkhoi | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | medium | Meghalaya |
| maan | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| madaan | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| madan | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| madavi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| madgi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | madgi | high | Maharashtra |
| madhukul | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | low | 10 states |
| madiga | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | madiga | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| madivala | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | madivala | medium | Karnataka |
| magar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | magar | high | Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam |
| magh | Buddhist | Scheduled Tribe | mog | high | Tripura |
| magrey | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| mahal | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | medium | 6 states |
| mahali | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | mahli | medium | Jharkhand |
| mahar | not set | Scheduled Caste | mahar | high | Maharashtra |
| maharjan | Hindu | not set | newar | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| mahasha | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dumna | medium | Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir |
| mahatam | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | mahatam | medium | Punjab |
| mahendru | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| maheshwari | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | maheshwari | high | Rajasthan, Maharashtra |
| mahishya | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | mahishya | low | West Bengal |
| mahli | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | mahli | medium | Jharkhand |
| mahyavanshi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | mahyavanshi | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| maiti | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | mahishya | medium | West Bengal |
| maity | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | mahishya | medium | West Bengal |
| makhija | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| mala | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | mala | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| malakar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | malakar | medium | West Bengal |
| malhotra | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| mallah | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nishad | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| mallya | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra |
| malo | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | malo | medium | West Bengal, Assam |
| manchanda | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| mandavi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| mang | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | matang | medium | Maharashtra |
| mangal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | medium | 10 states |
| mangela | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | mangela-koli | medium | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Maharashtra |
| manihar | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | manihar | high | 6 states |
| manjhi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | manjhi | medium | Bihar |
| mann | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| mannadiar | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | high | Kerala |
| mansoori | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | mansuri | high | All India |
| mansuri | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | mansuri | high | All India |
| mao | Christian | Tribal Christian | mao | medium | Manipur |
| marai | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| marak | Christian | Tribal Christian | garo | high | Meghalaya |
| marakayar | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | tamil-muslim | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| maram | Christian | Tribal Christian | maram | medium | Manipur |
| marandi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | Jharkhand |
| marar | Hindu | Artisan and service | ambalavasi | high | Kerala |
| maravar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | maravar | high | Tamil Nadu |
| maravi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| marbaniang | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| markam | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| maru-vankar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | mahyavanshi | high | Gujarat |
| marwari | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | marwari | medium | All India |
| mascarenhas | Christian | Latin Catholic | goan | high | All India |
| maseeh | Christian | not set | punjabi-christian | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, NCT of Delhi |
| masih | Christian | not set | punjabi-christian | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, NCT of Delhi |
| massey | Christian | not set | punjabi-christian | medium | Punjab, Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi |
| matak | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | matak | medium | Assam |
| matang | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | matang | high | Maharashtra, Karnataka |
| matharu | Sikh | Ramgarhia | ramgarhia | medium | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| mathew | Christian | Syrian Christian | syrian | medium | Kerala |
| mathur | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | mathur | high | 10 states |
| maurya | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kushwaha | medium | 10 states |
| mavchi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gamit | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| mawlong | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| mazhabi | Sikh | Mazhabi / Dalit Sikh | mazhabi | high | 5 states |
| mech | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | mech | low | Assam |
| meena | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | meena | high | Rajasthan |
| meenavar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | meenavar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| meghwal | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | meghwal | high | Rajasthan, Gujarat |
| mehla | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | medium | Rajasthan |
| mehra | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| mehrotra | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| mehtar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | valmiki | high | 7 states |
| memon | Muslim | Muslim trading community | memon | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Maharashtra |
| menezes | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| menon | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | high | Kerala |
| meo | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | meo | high | Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh |
| meshram | not set | Scheduled Caste | mahar | medium | Maharashtra |
| mewati | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | meo | high | Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh |
| miji | not set | Scheduled Tribe | miji | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| miju | not set | Scheduled Tribe | mishmi | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| mina | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | meena | medium | Rajasthan |
| minj | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | medium | Jharkhand |
| mir | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| mirasi | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | mirasi | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana |
| mirchandani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| miri | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | mishing | high | Assam |
| mirza | Muslim | Ashraf | mughal | high | All India |
| mishing | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | mishing | high | Assam |
| mishmi | not set | Scheduled Tribe | mishmi | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| mishra | Hindu | Brahmin | mishra | high | All India |
| misra | Hindu | Brahmin | mishra | high | All India |
| mitra | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | bengali-kayastha | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| mittal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 11 states |
| modak | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | modak | medium | West Bengal |
| modi | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | modi | medium | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| mog | Buddhist | Scheduled Tribe | mog | medium | Tripura |
| mogaveera | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | mogaveera | medium | Karnataka |
| moger | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | moger | medium | Karnataka, Kerala |
| mohammad | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | All India |
| mohammed | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | All India |
| mohanty | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | karan | medium | Odisha |
| mohite | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| moira | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | modak | medium | West Bengal |
| moirangthem | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| molla | Muslim | not set | not set | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| mollah | Muslim | not set | not set | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| momin | Christian | Tribal Christian | garo | medium | Meghalaya, Assam |
| monpa | not set | Scheduled Tribe | monpa | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| moon | not set | Scheduled Caste | mahar | low | Maharashtra |
| moopanar | Hindu | Dominant landholding | vellalar | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| moosari | Hindu | Artisan and service | vishwakarma | medium | Kerala |
| moran | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | moran | high | Assam |
| motok | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | motok | high | Assam |
| motwani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| muchi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | muchi | medium | West Bengal, Assam, Bihar |
| mudaliar | Hindu | Dominant landholding | mudaliar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| mudiraj | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | mudiraj | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| mukherjee | Hindu | Brahmin | kulin-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| mukhopadhyay | Hindu | Brahmin | kulin-brahmin | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| mukkulathor | Hindu | Dominant landholding | thevar | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| mukkuva | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | dheevara | medium | Kerala |
| mukkuvan | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | mukkuvan | high | Kerala |
| mukri | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | moger | medium | Karnataka, Kerala |
| munda | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | munda | high | Jharkhand, Odisha |
| murai | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kushwaha | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| muria | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | muria | medium | Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha |
| murmu | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha |
| musahar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | musahar | high | Bihar, Uttar Pradesh |
| musahary | not set | Scheduled Tribe | bodo | high | Assam |
| muthuraja | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | agamudayar | high | Tamil Nadu |
| mutrasi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | mudiraj | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| muttoo | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| mutum | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| nabam | not set | Scheduled Tribe | nyishi | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| nadar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nadar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| naddaf | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | naddaf | high | 6 states |
| nagal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | medium | 10 states |
| nagesia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | nagesia | medium | Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh |
| nagpal | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| nagrale | not set | Scheduled Caste | mahar | medium | Maharashtra |
| nahata | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | 5 states |
| nai | Hindu | Artisan and service | nai | medium | All India |
| naidu | Hindu | Dominant landholding | naidu | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| nainwal | Hindu | Brahmin | pahari-brahmin | medium | Uttarakhand |
| nair | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | high | Kerala |
| namasudra | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | namasudra | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| nambeesan | Hindu | Artisan and service | ambalavasi | high | Kerala |
| nambiar | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | medium | Kerala |
| namboodiri | Hindu | Brahmin | namboothiri | high | Kerala |
| namboothiri | Hindu | Brahmin | namboothiri | high | Kerala |
| nameirakpam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| namgyal | Buddhist | not set | tibetan-buddhist | medium | Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh |
| nanda | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| nangal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | medium | 10 states |
| naorem | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| napit | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nai | medium | Assam |
| naqvi | Muslim | Ashraf | syed | high | All India |
| narang | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| narikuravar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | narikuravar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| narula | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| narzari | not set | Scheduled Tribe | bodo | high | Assam |
| narzary | not set | Scheduled Tribe | bodo | high | Assam |
| nautiyal | Hindu | Brahmin | garhwali-brahmin | high | Uttarakhand |
| nayadi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | nayadi | medium | Kerala |
| nedungadi | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | high | Kerala |
| negi | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | pahari-rajput | high | Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand |
| nehra | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | medium | Rajasthan |
| nehru | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| nepal | Hindu | Brahmin | gorkha-bahun | medium | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| netam | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| netkani | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | mala | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| nhavi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nai | medium | Maharashtra |
| nigam | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | nigam | high | 10 states |
| nikam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| ninama | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | medium | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| ninan | Christian | Syrian Christian | syrian | high | Kerala |
| ningthoujam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| nishad | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nishad | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| nishi | not set | Scheduled Tribe | nyishi | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| noatia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | noatia | high | Tripura |
| nocte | not set | Scheduled Tribe | nocte | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| nohte | not set | Scheduled Tribe | nocte | low | Arunachal Pradesh |
| nongkynrih | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| nongrum | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| nongspung | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | medium | Meghalaya |
| nonia | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nonia | high | Bihar, Uttar Pradesh |
| nonmin | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| nulayan | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | dheevara | high | Kerala |
| nunia | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nonia | high | Bihar, Uttar Pradesh |
| nureti | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| nyishi | not set | Scheduled Tribe | nyishi | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| oak | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| oberoi | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| oddar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | oddar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| odde | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bhovi | medium | Karnataka |
| oinam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| ojha | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh |
| oommen | Christian | Syrian Christian | syrian | high | Kerala |
| oraon | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | high | 5 states |
| oswal | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | high | All India |
| ozukum | Christian | Tribal Christian | ao | medium | Nagaland |
| pachuau | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram |
| padaiyachi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | vanniyar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| padanna | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kanakkan | medium | Kerala, Tamil Nadu |
| padayachi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | vanniyar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| padmashali | Hindu | Artisan and service | padmashali | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| padvi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gamit | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| paharia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | paharia | medium | Jharkhand |
| pai | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra |
| paite | Christian | Tribal Christian | paite | medium | Manipur |
| paliyan | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | paliyan | medium | Tamil Nadu, Kerala |
| pallar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pallar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| pambada | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pambada | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala |
| pan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pan | medium | Odisha |
| panchal | Hindu | Artisan and service | vishwakarma | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| panda | Hindu | Brahmin | panda | medium | Odisha |
| pande | Hindu | Brahmin | pandey | high | All India |
| pandey | Hindu | Brahmin | pandey | high | 10 states |
| pandit | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | medium | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| pandro | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| pandya | Hindu | Brahmin | gujarati-brahmin | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| panicker | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | medium | Kerala |
| panigrahi | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Odisha |
| panika | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pano | medium | Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh |
| paniker | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | medium | Kerala |
| paniya | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | paniya | medium | Kerala |
| panka | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pano | medium | Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh |
| panna | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | medium | Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh |
| pannadi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pannadi | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| pannu | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| pano | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pano | medium | Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar |
| panwar | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | parmar | medium | Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh |
| paonam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| paraiyar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | paraiyar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| paranjape | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| paraya | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | paraiyar | medium | Kerala |
| parayan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | paraiyar | high | Tamil Nadu, Kerala |
| pardhi | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | pardhi | high | Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat |
| pareek | Hindu | Brahmin | pareek | high | Rajasthan |
| pargi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | medium | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| parikh | not set | Vaishya / trading | gujarati-bania | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| parja | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | paroja | medium | Odisha |
| parmar | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | parmar | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| paroja | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | paroja | medium | Odisha |
| parray | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| parte | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| pasha | Muslim | not set | not set | low | All India |
| pasi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pasi | high | 6 states |
| paswan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dusadh | high | Bihar, Jharkhand |
| patel | Hindu | Dominant landholding | patidar | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| patelia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | medium | Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh |
| pathak | Hindu | Brahmin | pathak | high | 10 states |
| pathan | Muslim | Ashraf | pathan | high | All India |
| patidar | Hindu | Dominant landholding | patidar | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| patil | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra, Karnataka |
| patnaik | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | karan | medium | Odisha |
| patni | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | patni | medium | Assam, West Bengal, Manipur |
| pattnaik | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | karan | medium | Odisha |
| patwa | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | patwa | medium | 10 states |
| paudel | Hindu | Brahmin | gorkha-bahun | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| pauria | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | 5 states |
| pauwar | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | parmar | medium | Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh |
| pawar | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| payeng | not set | Scheduled Tribe | mising | high | Assam |
| pebam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| peer | Muslim | not set | peer | medium | Jammu and Kashmir |
| peerahi | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | peerahi | medium | Uttar Pradesh |
| pegu | not set | Scheduled Tribe | mising | high | Assam |
| pendse | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| pereira | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| perika | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | perika | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| petit | Parsi | not set | parsi | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa |
| phadtare | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| phom | Christian | Tribal Christian | phom | medium | Nagaland |
| pillai split | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | medium | Kerala |
| pillai split | Hindu | Dominant landholding | vellalar | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| pinjara | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | pinjara | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |
| pinjari | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | pinjara | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| pinto | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| pisharody | Hindu | Artisan and service | ambalavasi | high | Kerala |
| pithwas | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | marwari | medium | All India |
| plaha | Sikh | Ramgarhia | ramgarhia | low | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| poddar | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | marwari | medium | All India |
| poduval | Hindu | Artisan and service | ambalavasi | high | Kerala |
| pookoya | Muslim | not set | koya | medium | Kerala, Lakshadweep |
| poonia | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | high | Rajasthan |
| porwal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | porwal | high | Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| potam | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| poudel | Hindu | Brahmin | gorkha-bahun | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| poumai | Christian | Tribal Christian | poumai | medium | Manipur |
| poundra | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | poundra | medium | West Bengal |
| pouria | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | 5 states |
| prabhu | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | medium | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra |
| prajapati | Hindu | Artisan and service | kumhar | high | All India |
| pulaya | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pulaya | high | Kerala |
| puri | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| purohit | Hindu | Brahmin | purohit | high | All India |
| purty | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | munda | high | Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal |
| pusam | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| pushkarna | Hindu | Brahmin | pushkarna | high | Rajasthan |
| puthirai | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | puthirai-vannan | low | Tamil Nadu |
| qadri | Muslim | Ashraf | not set | medium | All India |
| qasab | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | qasai | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| qasai | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | qasai | high | 6 states |
| qasmi | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | qasmi | medium | All India |
| qassab | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | qureshi | medium | All India |
| qazi | Muslim | not set | qazi | medium | Maharashtra, Karnataka |
| quraishi | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | qureshi | high | All India |
| qureshi | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | qureshi | high | All India |
| rabari | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | rabari | high | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| rabha | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | rabha | high | Assam |
| raghuvanshi | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | raghuvanshi | medium | 10 states |
| rahaman | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| rahman | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| raidas | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | high | All India |
| raigar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | raigar | medium | Rajasthan |
| raika | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | rabari | high | Rajasthan, Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| raina | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| rajak | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | dhobi | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| rajaka | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | rajaka | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| rajbanshi split | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | koch-rajbongshi | high | Assam |
| rajbanshi split | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | rajbanshi | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| rajbhar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | rajbhar | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| rajgond | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | medium | Telangana, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh |
| rajput | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | rajput | high | All India |
| rajuar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | rajwar | high | Bihar |
| rajwar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | rajwar | high | Bihar, Jharkhand |
| ralte | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram |
| ramdasi | not set | Scheduled Caste | ravidasia | high | Punjab, Haryana |
| ramdasia | not set | Scheduled Caste | ravidasia | high | Punjab, Haryana, NCT of Delhi, Himachal Pradesh |
| ramgarhia | Sikh | Ramgarhia | ramgarhia | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi |
| ramoshi | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | ramoshi | high | Maharashtra |
| ranade | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| randhawa | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| rane | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| rangrez | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | rangrez | high | 6 states |
| ranka | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | 5 states |
| rath | Hindu | Brahmin | rath | medium | Odisha |
| rathawa | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | rathwa | high | Gujarat |
| rather | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| rathia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kanwar | medium | Chhattisgarh |
| rathod | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | rathore | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| rathore | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | rathore | high | Rajasthan, Gujarat |
| rathwa | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | rathwa | high | Gujarat |
| rautela | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | pahari-rajput | medium | Uttarakhand |
| ravidas | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | high | All India |
| ravidasia | not set | Scheduled Caste | ravidasia | high | Punjab, Haryana |
| rawther | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | tamil-muslim | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| rayeen | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | rayeen | high | 5 states |
| razdan | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| readymoney | Parsi | not set | parsi | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa |
| reang | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | reang | high | Tripura |
| rebari | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | rabari | high | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| reddy | Hindu | Dominant landholding | reddy | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| regar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | regar | high | Rajasthan |
| rehgar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | raigar | medium | Rajasthan |
| rehman | Muslim | not set | not set | high | All India |
| relli | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | relli | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| riar | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | medium | 6 states |
| rishi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | muchi | medium | West Bengal |
| riyang | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | reang | high | Tripura |
| rizvi | Muslim | Ashraf | syed | high | All India |
| rodrigues | Christian | Latin Catholic | konkani-catholic | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala |
| rohidas | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | chamar | high | Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh |
| rohit | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | rohit | medium | Gujarat |
| rong | not set | Scheduled Tribe | lepcha | medium | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| rongmei | Christian | Tribal Christian | rongmei | high | Manipur |
| rowther | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | tamil-muslim | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| ruia | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | marwari | medium | All India |
| sabar | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | savara | medium | Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh |
| sabharwal | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| sachdev | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| sachdeva | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| saharan | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | medium | Rajasthan |
| sahariya | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | sahariya | high | Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh |
| sahgal | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| sahni | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| sahu | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | teli | medium | Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand |
| saifi | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | saifi | high | All India |
| sailo | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | high | Mizoram |
| sain | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | nai | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan |
| saini | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | saini | high | 11 states |
| sairem | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| saitwal | Jain | not set | saitwal-jain | high | Maharashtra |
| saksena | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | kayastha | high | Uttar Pradesh |
| salam | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| saliya | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | saliya | medium | Kerala, Karnataka |
| salmani | Muslim | Pasmanda / backward Muslim | salmani | high | All India |
| saloi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | saloi | medium | Assam |
| saluja | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| salunkhe | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| salvi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | salvi | medium | Rajasthan |
| samagara | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | samagara | medium | Karnataka |
| sambava | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | paraiyar | high | Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry |
| sambavar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | paraiyar | high | Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry |
| samra | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | medium | 6 states |
| sanasam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| sandhu | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| sangada | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | medium | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| sanghvi | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| sangma | Christian | Tribal Christian | garo | high | Meghalaya |
| sangwan | Hindu | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Haryana |
| sansi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | sansi | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab |
| santhal | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar |
| saora | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | savara | medium | Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh |
| sapera | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | kalbelia | medium | Rajasthan |
| sapkota | Hindu | Brahmin | gorkha-bahun | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| sapru | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| saran | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | high | Rajasthan |
| saraogi | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | high | Rajasthan, West Bengal, Maharashtra |
| sargara | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | sargara | high | Rajasthan |
| sarki | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | sarki | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| sarma | Hindu | Brahmin | sarma | high | Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| saryara | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | saryara | medium | Jammu and Kashmir |
| sassoon | Jewish | not set | baghdadi-jew | high | Maharashtra, West Bengal |
| sastry | Hindu | Brahmin | sastry | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| satapathy | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Odisha |
| sathe | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| satnami | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | satnami | high | Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh |
| satpathy | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Odisha |
| saura | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | savara | medium | Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh |
| savar | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | savara | medium | Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh |
| savara | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | saora | medium | Odisha |
| sawant | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| sawhney | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| sawkmie | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | medium | Meghalaya |
| saxena | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | saxena | high | 10 states |
| sayed | Muslim | Ashraf | syed | high | All India |
| sayyed | Muslim | Ashraf | syed | high | All India |
| screwvala | Parsi | not set | not set | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| seharia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | sahariya | high | Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh |
| sehgal | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| sekhon | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| sema | Christian | Tribal Christian | sumi | medium | Nagaland |
| semwal | Hindu | Brahmin | garhwali-brahmin | high | Uttarakhand |
| sen | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | bengali-baidya | medium | West Bengal, Tripura |
| sengunthar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | sengunthar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| sengupta | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | baidya | high | West Bengal, Tripura |
| senma | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | senma | high | Gujarat |
| senva | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | senma | medium | Gujarat |
| servai | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | agamudayar | medium | Tamil Nadu |
| seth | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | seth | medium | All India |
| sethi | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 6 states |
| sethia | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | All India |
| sethna | Parsi | not set | not set | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| shaik | Muslim | not set | sheikh | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| shaikh | Muslim | not set | sheikh | medium | All India |
| shakya | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | kushwaha | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| shanbhag | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra |
| sharma | Hindu | Brahmin | sharma | high | 10 states |
| shastri | Hindu | Brahmin | shastri | high | All India |
| sheikh | Muslim | not set | sheikh | medium | All India |
| shekh | Muslim | not set | sheikh | medium | All India |
| shekhawat | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | shekhawat | high | Rajasthan |
| shenoi | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra |
| shenoy | Hindu | Brahmin | konkani-saraswat | high | Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra |
| sherdukpen | not set | Scheduled Tribe | sherdukpen | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| sherpa | Buddhist | Scheduled Tribe | sherpa | high | Sikkim, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh |
| shilpkar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | shilpkar | high | Uttarakhand |
| shimpi | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | shimpi | high | Maharashtra |
| shinde | Hindu | Dominant landholding | maratha | medium | Maharashtra |
| shira | Christian | Tribal Christian | garo | high | Meghalaya |
| shravgi | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | high | Rajasthan, West Bengal, Maharashtra |
| shrestha | Hindu | not set | newar | medium | Sikkim, West Bengal, NCT of Delhi |
| shukla | Hindu | Brahmin | shukla | high | 10 states |
| siddi | not set | Scheduled Tribe | siddi | high | Karnataka, Gujarat |
| siddique | Muslim | Ashraf | siddiqui | high | All India |
| siddiqui | Muslim | Ashraf | siddiqui | high | All India |
| sidhu | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| sihag | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | jat | high | Rajasthan |
| sikligar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | sikligar | high | Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, NCT of Delhi |
| simte | Christian | Tribal Christian | kuki | medium | Manipur |
| sindhu | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| singhal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 11 states |
| singla | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 10 states |
| singpho | not set | Scheduled Tribe | singpho | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| sinha | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | sinha | medium | Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal |
| sinku | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | ho | high | Jharkhand, Odisha |
| sisodia | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | sisodia | high | Rajasthan |
| sitlhou | Christian | Tribal Christian | kuki | medium | Manipur |
| sodhi | Sikh | Khatri / Arora Sikh | sodhi | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| solanki | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | solanki | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| soliga | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | soliga | high | Karnataka |
| sonar | Hindu | Artisan and service | sunar | medium | 5 states |
| soni | Hindu | Artisan and service | sunar | medium | All India |
| sonowal | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | sonowal-kachari | high | Assam |
| sood | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| soren | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | Jharkhand, West Bengal |
| soreng | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kharia | medium | Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh |
| sori | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| sorokhaibam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| soy | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | munda | high | Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal |
| soyam | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| srivastav | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | kayastha | high | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh |
| srivastava | Hindu | Kayastha / writer | srivastava | high | 10 states |
| subba | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | limbu | low | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| subedi | Hindu | Brahmin | gorkha-bahun | high | Sikkim, West Bengal |
| suchiang | not set | Scheduled Tribe | pnar | medium | Meghalaya |
| sud | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| sugali | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | lambadi | medium | 5 states |
| sultana | Muslim | not set | not set | medium | All India |
| sumi | Christian | Tribal Christian | sumi | medium | Nagaland |
| surana | Jain | Vaishya / trading | oswal | medium | 5 states |
| suri | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| surin | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kharia | medium | Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh |
| sut | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | sut | medium | Assam |
| sutar | Hindu | Artisan and service | sutar | medium | Maharashtra |
| suthar | Hindu | Artisan and service | suthar | medium | Gujarat, Rajasthan |
| sutia | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | chutiya | medium | Assam |
| sutradhar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | sutradhar | medium | Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya |
| swahitwal | Jain | not set | saitwal-jain | high | Maharashtra |
| swarnakar | Hindu | Artisan and service | swarnakar | medium | West Bengal |
| swu | Christian | Tribal Christian | sumi | medium | Nagaland |
| syed | Muslim | Ashraf | syed | high | All India |
| syiem | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| taba | not set | Scheduled Tribe | nyishi | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| tadvi | not set | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| tahiliani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| talavia | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | dubla | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| talwar | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| tamang | not set | Scheduled Tribe | tamang | high | Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam |
| tamoli | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | chaurasia | medium | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar |
| tamudia | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | tamudia | medium | Odisha |
| tandon | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| taneja | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| tangsa | not set | Scheduled Tribe | tangsa | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| tanti | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | tanti | medium | Odisha |
| tantrey | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| tarmali | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | pasi | medium | Uttar Pradesh |
| tata | Parsi | not set | parsi | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa |
| tayal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | high | 10 states |
| techi | not set | Scheduled Tribe | nyishi | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| tekam | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| teli | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | teli | high | All India |
| tewari | Hindu | Brahmin | tiwari | high | 10 states |
| thakkar | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | lohana | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| thakor | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | thakor | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| thampi | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | high | Kerala |
| thangal | Muslim | Ashraf | syed | medium | Kerala |
| thangjam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| thapliyal | Hindu | Brahmin | garhwali-brahmin | high | Uttarakhand |
| thattan | Hindu | Artisan and service | vishwakarma | high | Kerala |
| thatte | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| thatum | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| thengal | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | thengal-kachari | medium | Assam |
| thevar | Hindu | Dominant landholding | thevar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| thiyya | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | ezhava | high | Kerala |
| thokchom | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| thoma | Christian | Syrian Christian | not set | medium | Kerala |
| thori | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | thori | medium | Rajasthan |
| thoti | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | thoti | medium | 5 states |
| tickoo | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| tigga | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | medium | Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh |
| tikoo | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| tilak | Hindu | Brahmin | chitpavan | high | Maharashtra |
| tingal | Hindu | Vaishya / trading | agarwal | low | 10 states |
| tirgar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | tirgar | medium | Gujarat |
| tirkey | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | high | 5 states |
| tiwa | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | tiwa | high | Assam |
| tiwari | Hindu | Brahmin | tiwari | high | 10 states |
| tochtawng | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | medium | Mizoram |
| toda | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | toda | high | Tamil Nadu |
| tolani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| tomar | Hindu | Kshatriya / Rajput | tomar | medium | 10 states |
| toor | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | 6 states |
| topno | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | kharia | medium | Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh |
| toppo | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | high | 5 states |
| tripathi | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand |
| tripathy | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Odisha |
| tripura | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | tripuri | high | Tripura |
| trivedi | Hindu | Brahmin | trivedi | high | All India |
| tsakala | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | rajaka | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| tudu | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | santhal | high | Jharkhand, West Bengal |
| turaha | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | turaiha | medium | Uttar Pradesh |
| turaiha | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | turaiha | medium | Uttar Pradesh |
| turi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | turi | medium | 5 states |
| tuteja | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| tyagi | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | medium | Uttar Pradesh, NCT of Delhi, Haryana |
| uberai | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| uchoi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | uchoi | medium | Tripura |
| udayar | Hindu | Dominant landholding | udayar | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| uike | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| uikey | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| ulladan | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | ulladan | medium | Kerala |
| uniyal | Hindu | Brahmin | garhwali-brahmin | high | Uttarakhand |
| unnithan | Hindu | Dominant landholding | nair | high | Kerala |
| upadhyay | Hindu | Brahmin | upadhyay | high | All India |
| uppara | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | uppara | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| usendi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| usmani | Muslim | Ashraf | usmani | high | All India |
| vaddera | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | vaddera | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| vaghri | Hindu | Denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic | vaghri | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| vaiphei | Christian | Tribal Christian | kuki | high | Manipur |
| vajpayee | Hindu | Brahmin | not set | high | Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh |
| valan | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | dheevara | medium | Kerala |
| valayar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | valayar | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| valluvan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | valluvan | medium | Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry |
| valmiki | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | valmiki | high | All India |
| valvi | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gamit | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| vanchhawng | Christian | Tribal Christian | mizo | medium | Mizoram |
| vanjari | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | vanjari | high | Maharashtra |
| vankar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | mahyavanshi | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| vannan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | vannan | medium | Kerala, Tamil Nadu |
| vanniyar | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | vanniyar | high | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| varghese | Christian | Syrian Christian | syrian | high | Kerala |
| variar | Hindu | Artisan and service | ambalavasi | high | Kerala |
| vasava | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| vasave | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | bhil | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| vaswani | Hindu | not set | sindhi-hindu | high | 6 states |
| velama | Hindu | Dominant landholding | velama | high | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| velan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | velan | medium | Kerala |
| velip | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | velip | medium | Goa |
| vettuvan | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | vettuvan | medium | Kerala |
| virk | not set | Dominant landholding | jat | high | Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana |
| vishwakarma | Hindu | Artisan and service | vishwakarma | high | All India |
| vohra | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| vyas | Hindu | Brahmin | vyas | high | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| waddar | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | bhovi | medium | Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| wadde | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| waddera | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | waddera | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |
| wadhawan | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| wadhwan | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | medium | 7 states |
| wadia | Parsi | not set | not set | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| waghri | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | waghri | medium | Gujarat |
| wahengbam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| wahi | not set | Khatri / Arora Sikh | khatri | high | 7 states |
| waikhom | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| wain | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| wancho | not set | Scheduled Tribe | wancho | medium | Arunachal Pradesh |
| wanchoo | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
| wani | Muslim | not set | kashmiri-kram | high | Jammu and Kashmir |
| warjri | Christian | Tribal Christian | khasi | high | Meghalaya |
| warrier | Hindu | Artisan and service | ambalavasi | high | Kerala |
| watal | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | watal | medium | Jammu and Kashmir |
| watti | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | gond | high | 5 states |
| xalxo | not set | Scheduled Tribe | oraon | high | 5 states |
| yadav | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | yadav | high | All India |
| yadava | Hindu | Other Backward Classes | yadav | high | All India |
| yagnik | Hindu | Brahmin | gujarati-brahmin | high | Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu |
| yaithibi | Hindu | Scheduled Caste | yaithibi | high | Manipur |
| yepthomi | not set | Scheduled Tribe | sumi-naga | high | Nagaland |
| yerukala | Hindu | Scheduled Tribe | yerukala | medium | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka |
| yesudian | Christian | not set | tamil-christian | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| yesudoss | Christian | not set | tamil-christian | medium | Tamil Nadu, Puducherry |
| yumnam | Hindu | Dominant landholding | meitei | high | Manipur |
| zachariah | Christian | Syrian Christian | syrian | high | Kerala |
| zaidi | Muslim | Ashraf | not set | medium | All India |
| zaveri | not set | Vaishya / trading | gujarati-bania | medium | Gujarat, Maharashtra |
| zhimo | Christian | Tribal Christian | sumi | medium | Nagaland |
| zhimomi | not set | Scheduled Tribe | sumi-naga | high | Nagaland |
| zou | Christian | Tribal Christian | zou | medium | Manipur |
| zutshi | Hindu | Brahmin | kashmiri-pandit | high | Jammu and Kashmir, NCT of Delhi |
These surnames are recognised and deliberately not mapped to one community, because they genuinely belong to several. On the explorer they appear as their own slice, labelled multiple possibilities, instead of being guessed at or swept into the unidentified share. Being absent from the table above was never the argument; the reason is, and it is printed here.
| Surname | Shown on the chart as | Kind | Why it is not mapped |
|---|---|---|---|
| amin | Amin (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | A Muslim title, and separately a Gujarati Patidar claim. |
| anand | Anand (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A Khatri clan, and a given name, and others. |
| babu | Babu (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | An honorific, used across every community rather than by one. |
| bai | Bai (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A female suffix across the west and centre. Not a family name. |
| bala | Bala (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A female suffix across the north. Not a family name. |
| bano | Bano (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A female suffix among Muslim families in the north. Not a family name. |
| barua | Barua (multiple possibilities) | Assam title | An Ahom office, and a Buddhist Bengali surname. |
| baruah | Baruah (multiple possibilities) | Assam title | An Ahom office, carried by many castes. |
| behera | Behera (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | An Odisha title across Scheduled Caste and OBC. |
| bhambra | Bhambra (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Punjabi clan name shared across Ramgarhia, Jat and Khatri families. |
| bhamra | Bhamra (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Punjabi clan name shared across Ramgarhia, Jat and Khatri families. |
| birdi | Birdi (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Punjabi clan name shared across Ramgarhia, Jat and Khatri families. |
| biswas | Biswas (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | Namasudra, Kayastha and Muslim all carry it. |
| bora | Bora (multiple possibilities) | Assam title | An Ahom office, carried by many castes. |
| borah | Borah (multiple possibilities) | Assam title | An Ahom office, carried by many castes. |
| bori | Bori (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | An Adi clan, a Marathi place suffix and a common word. |
| brahma | Brahma (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Bodo surname, an Assamese title and a Sanskrit given name, all spelled the same. |
| chand | Chand (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | Filler or given name, used across communities. |
| chandra | Chandra (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | Filler or given name, used across communities. |
| chaudhari | Chaudhari (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Same title, the western spelling. |
| chaudhary | Chaudhary (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Jat, Patidar, Bengali Kayastha and Muslim, Koeri. A title, not a community. |
| choudhary | Choudhary (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Same title, another spelling. |
| chowdary | Chowdary (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | A Kapu and Kamma title. |
| chowdhary | Chowdhary (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Same title, another spelling. |
| chowdhury | Chowdhury (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Same title, the eastern spelling: Hindu and Muslim. |
| das | Das (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | Hindu across the east, Bengali Muslim, and Sikh. |
| dash | Dash (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Odia Brahmin and other communities; also an English word. |
| deb | Deb (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | Carried by several different Bengali communities. |
| devi | Devi (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A female suffix used by every community across the Hindi belt. |
| dey | Dey (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | Carried by several different Bengali communities. |
| dhar | Dhar (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | A Kashmiri Muslim kram, a Kashmiri Pandit surname, a Bengali Kayastha one and a Madhya Pradesh place, all the same spelling. |
| gaikwad | Gaikwad (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Maratha and Mahar, in the same Maharashtra districts. |
| gandhi | Gandhi (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Lohana, Bania, Parsi and others. |
| george | George (multiple possibilities) | Christian given name | Christian across several traditions and regions. |
| hari | Hari (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | A given name, and not a Scheduled Caste marker. |
| hazarika | Hazarika (multiple possibilities) | Assam title | An Ahom office, carried by many castes. |
| hegde | Hegde (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Bunt and Havyaka Brahmin, in the same coastal districts. |
| jena | Jena (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Khandayat and several others, in Odisha. |
| john | John (multiple possibilities) | Christian given name | Christian across several traditions and regions. |
| joseph | Joseph (multiple possibilities) | Christian given name | Christian across several traditions and regions. |
| kale | Kale (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Carried by many different Maharashtrian communities. |
| kashyap | Kashyap (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Brahmin gotra, and also Nishad and Kahar. |
| kishore | Kishore (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A given name that shows up as a last token. |
| kumar | Kumar (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A given name that became a surname nationwide. |
| kumari | Kumari (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A female suffix across the Hindi belt. Not a family name. |
| lal | Lal (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | An honorific and filler, used across communities. |
| mahapatra | Mahapatra (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Brahmin and Karan, both in Odisha. |
| majumdar | Majumdar (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | A Hindu and Muslim title across Assam and Bengal. |
| malik | Malik (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Hindu Jat, Muslim, and Scheduled Caste in some states. |
| mandal | Mandal (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | Hindu and Muslim, and many different communities. |
| mane | Mane (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Maratha and several other Maharashtrian communities. |
| mankoo | Mankoo (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Punjabi clan name shared across several communities. |
| mazumdar | Mazumdar (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Same title, another spelling. |
| mehta | Mehta (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Bania, Khatri, Parsi and Kayastha all carry it. |
| mili | Mili (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Mising clan name and an ordinary given name elsewhere. |
| mistri | Mistri (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Parsi, and Hindu carpenter. As Mistry. |
| mistry | Mistry (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Parsi, and separately Hindu carpenter. |
| mohapatra | Mohapatra (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Brahmin and Karan, both in Odisha. |
| mondal | Mondal (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | Hindu and Muslim, and many different communities. |
| morang | Morang (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A place name across the eastern Himalaya as much as a family name. |
| more | More (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Maratha and several other Maharashtrian communities. |
| naicker | Naicker (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Vanniyar and Naidu both use it, in Tamil Nadu. |
| naik | Naik (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Scheduled Tribe, OBC, and a title, depending on the state. |
| nath | Nath (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | Yogi lineage, a given name, and a Bengali surname. |
| nayak | Nayak (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Scheduled Tribe, OBC, and a title, depending on the state. |
| pal | Pal (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Gaderia and Yadav, Rajput and Kayastha, all in Uttar Pradesh. |
| passah | Passah (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Khasi clan name that also appears as a given name. |
| paul | Paul (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Bengali Christian, and also the Pal spelling. |
| phukan | Phukan (multiple possibilities) | Assam title | An Ahom office, carried by many castes. |
| pradhan | Pradhan (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | An Odisha title, a Newar surname, and Scheduled Tribe. |
| prakash | Prakash (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A given name used as a last token. |
| prasad | Prasad (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | Filler, used by every community. |
| rai | Rai (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Bunt on the Karnataka coast, Kirati in Sikkim, and a Bihar and UP title. |
| raju | Raju (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | An Andhra Kshatriya community, and also a given name. |
| ram | Ram (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A given name, and a Scheduled Caste and OBC surname. |
| rana | Rana (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Rajput, and separately Gorkha Chhetri. |
| rani | Rani (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A female suffix across the Hindi belt, like Devi. Not a family name. |
| rao | Rao (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | A Deccan title carried by many different communities. |
| rawat | Rawat (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Rajput, Scheduled Tribe in Uttarakhand, and others besides. |
| ray | Ray (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | As Roy, and deliberately not the same row as Rai. |
| rehal | Rehal (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Punjabi clan name shared across several communities. |
| riari | Riari (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Punjabi clan name shared across several communities. |
| riat | Riat (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Punjabi clan name shared across several communities. |
| rout | Rout (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Used across many different castes in Odisha. |
| roy | Roy (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | A title carried across Hindu and Muslim Bengal. |
| saha | Saha (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | Trading and several other Bengali communities. |
| saikia | Saikia (multiple possibilities) | Assam title | An Ahom office, carried by many castes. |
| salve | Salve (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Maratha and Scheduled Caste, in the same districts. |
| sardar | Sardar (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | A Sikh honorific, and also Hindu and Muslim. |
| sarkar | Sarkar (multiple possibilities) | Eastern, several communities | A title carried across Hindu and Muslim Bengal. |
| shah | Shah (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Gujarati Jain, Gujarati Hindu, and also a Muslim title. |
| shetty | Shetty (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Bunt, Jain, Balija and Devanga, all on the Karnataka coast. |
| singh | Singh (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | Sikh, Rajput, eastern-UP and Bihar Hindu, Gorkha, Mazhabi. Kaur is the Sikh-decisive token; Singh is not. |
| sumer | Sumer (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A given name in the north and a clan token in the northeast. |
| swain | Swain (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Used across many different castes in Odisha. |
| tana | Tana (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Nyishi token, a Bhagat movement name and a common word. |
| tandel | Tandel (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | The skipper of a boat. Carried by Kharwa, Koli, Mangela and migrant crews alike, so it names a job and not a community. |
| thakur | Thakur (multiple possibilities) | Title or office | Rajput and others in the north and west; a Brahmin surname in Bengal. |
| thapa | Thapa (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Magar and Chhetri, even inside Sikkim itself. |
| thomas | Thomas (multiple possibilities) | Christian given name | Syrian, Latin, CSI and north Indian Christian all use it. |
| thorat | Thorat (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Maratha and Mahar, in the same Maharashtra districts. |
| varma | Varma (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | As Verma, and separately a Kerala royal surname. |
| verma | Verma (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | Kayastha, Kshatriya, OBC and Scheduled Caste, in the same states. |
| virdi | Virdi (multiple possibilities) | One spelling, two peoples | A Punjabi clan name shared across Ramgarhia, Jat and Khatri families. |
| wati | Wati (multiple possibilities) | Hindi-belt filler | A female suffix, mostly Punjabi and Haryanvi. Not a family name. |